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For example, we probably need to reach the Family 4th Of July Crew Independence Day shirt where clay-lined geothermal vents are forming natural fatty-acid vesicles that probably formed the first proto-cells. We would probably have needed several ice ages to pass as we have found that some of the chemical reactions that probably were required for abiogenesis work best under freezing conditions. Once that happened however, the evolutionary processes have been relentless and we see their tracks in the history of life on Earth From there, the time it took to get from simple, single-celled life to complex human life is a function of mutation rate, the actual mutations that happen to have happened, and which life forms survived. That takes time and pretty well accounts for the observed times given known rates of these things (which isn’t constant over time).

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